UV - unwrapping

UV unwrapping is the process of flattening a 3D model's surface into a two-dimensional representation (the UV map). You cut the mesh along UV seams and unfold the surface so a 2D texture can be accurately projected onto the 3D object. Good UV mapping prevents texture stretching, ensures consistent texel density, and enables accurate painting or baking of maps (e.g., normal, AO) in external tools—making it an essential step between 3D modeling and texturing/shading.

Imagine you made a character model in a 3D package. You place UV seams along inconspicuous areas (behind the ears, along clothing seams), then use unwrap and relax tools to unfold the UV islands with minimal distortion. You test the UVs with a checker texture to spot stretching, scale islands for consistent texel density, pack them efficiently, and export the UV layout to Substance Painter or Photoshop to paint the final textures. For hard-surface models you often place seams along sharp edges and may overlap symmetric parts to save UV space, while organic models require more careful seam placement and relaxation.